Capital stracture

Key factors that affect structure choice 5. 1. 1 Profitability and variation of profitability Profitability is one of the most tested company characteristics In empirical research regarding companies choice of capital structure. The trade-off theory predicts that higher profitability is associated with Increased debt levels and the reason for this Is twofold.First, companies achieving high profitability have less risk of financial distress and bankruptcy, so the cost of debt Is lower. Second, higher profitability means that companies can achieve higher utilization of the Interest tax shield by Increasing the amount leverage and hence the promised Interest payments each period. Similarly, Increased debt will serve as a adolescently factor for managers when free cash flow likely Increase with Increased profitability.However, as dynamic trade- off theory predicts adjustment costs will prevent companies from adjusting the capital structure immediately and the unlikelihood of companies be ing at their refinancing points at the time of measurement causes the prediction of the found allegations between leverage and profitability to be negative due to the static nature of the determinant analysis. Retained earnings are the favored financing according to the pecking order theory which contradicts the predictions made by trade-off theory.Higher profitability should enable the company to retain more earnings which is the preferable source of funding, and as such, the amount of leverage needed by the company should decrease. Empirically, profitability is consistently found to be negatively related to leverage, as predicted by both theories. Therefore the following hypothesis is made 5. 1. Asset Tangibility (Asset in place) The thought behind asset tangibility as a determinant is that tangible assets provide more security for potential investors as assets can serve as collateral.This will reduce the risk for debt holders and ultimately reduce the cost of debt for the compani es and they will be able to operate with higher leverage ratios without Incurring higher financial distress costs. Accordingly, the trade-off theory predicts that companies In which tangible assets accounts for a large part of the asset structure should Include larger debt levels than companies with a relatively larger amount of Intangible assets. Furthermore, collateralized debt makes It difficult for Investors to conduct asset substitution as the debt holders have collateral In specific assets.Therefore agency costs should be lower between shareholders and debt holders, and companies should use more debt relative to the amount of tangible assets they own. The pecking order theory makes the opposite prediction as It suggest that tangibility will generate less information asymmetries between potential Investors and shareholders, and hence the cost of issuing equity will fall, resulting in lower levels of used to predict that the cost of debt will fall as they will now be able to hav e alliterated debt.So unless the cost of equity falls below the cost of debt, the pecking order theory implies that companies will use the cheapest sources of funding, debt would still be the preferred funding to equity, at least for moderate amounts of debt. Therefore the prediction of the pecking order theory might not be as unambiguous as some researchers argue. Based on predictions of these theories and the consistent findings in previous empirical research the following relationship between asset tangibility and leverage is expected. 5. 1. Growth Opportunity Growth opportunities calls for a similar reasoning as previously used to explain the predictions of asset tangibility effect on leverage, although with opposing conclusions. The first notion of the relationship between growth opportunities and leverage is made by Myers, who states that the problem of shareholders making suboptimal investment decisions is more severe when a company has more growth opportunities as potential investors cannot value or decide which growth opportunities the company should follow.The value of a company's growth opportunities are most likely only valuable to the individual company, or at least less liable to other companies, in which case the costs of financial distress and bankruptcy will be higher for companies with many growth opportunities. With this consideration the trade-off theory suggests a negative relationship between growth opportunities and leverage.Similarly, with many investment opportunities the earnings before taxes is assumed to be lower in which case companies will not be able to fully utilize the interest tax shields associated with high amounts of leverage. Furthermore, companies having more investment opportunities likely value financial legibility highly, which also reduce the optimal leverage ratio. Contrasting this prediction is once again the pecking order theory, as it predicts a positive relationship between debt and growth opportunities.The argum entation behind is that growth opportunities involves higher information asymmetries as shareholder are not willing to reveal much information about their investment opportunities, and given that investment opportunities requires investment outlays and thus increasing a company's financing deficit, companies will issue debt financing and preferable worth-term financing when they experience finance deficits. The empirical results show consistent behavior of the relationship between leverage and growth opportunities and it is expected that this behavior is also present for Danish companies.

Grace Hopper’s Biography: A Great Pioneer in Data Processing

It was 1906 in New York City when the great pioneer in data processing, Grace Murray Hopper, was born to the parents Walter Fletcher Murray and Mary Campbell Horn Murray. Even as a young child Grace loved learning about mathematics and the new technological advances that were coming out, mostly because of her surrounding environment — her mother was a mathematician. Although at the time women were not considered as important to society as men were, she would turn out to be one of the most important influences of the century. In 1924 Grace attended Vassar College, majoring in the sciences, specifically mathematics and physics. After four years of hard work she graduated with Phi Beta Kappa honors and a Vassar College Fellowship. With that she progressed to earning her MA in mathematics at Yale University in 1930, and her Ph.D. in 1934, along with two Sterling Scholarships and an election to Sigma Xi. While finishing her college education she married the New York University English teacher Vincent Hopper. Her computer technology life would soon begin following her graduation. Upon graduating, Grace was accepted to the Bureau of Ordinance at Harvard University. That is when she was introduced to and assigned to work on Mark I — the first large-scale U.S. computer and precursor of electronic computers. Her first assignment with Mark I was to â€Å"have the coefficients for the interpolation of the arc tangents completed [in about one week]†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ not a problem for Grace. She would then be the third person ever to program the Mark I. At that same time, the Mark I was being used to calculate the angles at which naval guns were to be aimed. Shortly after that a machine called BINAC was being developed which used the C-10 language. The C-10 according to Grace, â€Å"has been the basis for most codes since. ‘A' was add, ‘M' was multiply, ‘B' was bring, ‘C' was clear; it was a beautiful code.† Grace was then forced to teach herself octal arithmetic, since that is what the code was performed in. A sort time after that, many people started to believe a user-friendlier computer was needed. Grace got to work on it. Grace was credited with the first compiler in 1952, the A-0. The compiler was â€Å"a set of instructions that translated mathematical code into machine language.† Later on she produced the A-1 and the A-2, which were basically upgrades of the previous compiler. Her 1957 FLOW-MATIC compiler (or B-0) which was used mainly for business programs, was the first to translate English into the machine language. A later program in 1959-61 (COBOL) was based on her FLOW-MATIC and was used in the UNIVAC — the first commercial electronic computer. Grace Hopper was a hard working woman who â€Å"worked to attract industry and business interests to computers and to bridge the gulf between management and programmers.† After serving in the Navy from 1943 – 1986, during which she received the rank of rear admiral, she retired to take her final job as the senior consultant with Digital Equipment Association. Grace Hopper, the great pioneer in data processing and computer technology, died in 1992 at the age of 86.

Financial analysis of Morrisons and comparison with Tesco Coursework

Financial analysis of Morrisons and comparison with Tesco - Coursework Example Ratio analysis of an organization presents facts on a comparative basis and enables the drawing of inference regarding the performance of a firm (Khan & Jain, 2006). This analysis gives a useful indication of the performance of the organization. Financial ratios are often used by shareholders, bankers, trade creditors, analysts, management and the general public at large to measure the performance of the company in various aspects such as liquidity, profitability, debt and market position (Stoltz et al., 2007). However, these ratios often should be analyzed keeping in mind the accounting policies and the principles used by companies and is dependent on the industries under consideration (Siegel and Shim, 2006). The objective of this report is to analyze the performance of Morrison’s. In order to do this, ratios will be calculated for the company over a period of two years: 2009 and 2010. The ratios will be compared to Tesco which is a leading competitor in the same industry. F our categories of ratio will be calculated for both the companies: 1. Profitability 2. Liquidity 3. Efficiency 4. Gearing ratios Analysis Profitability Ratios Profitability ratios can be used to measure how good the company is using its assets and how well the company is controlling its costs to generate an acceptable rate of return (Gitman and McDaniel, 2008). The various profitability ratios are given below Gross Margin Gross margin can be defined as the ratio of gross profit to total sales. The graph below shows the trend of the same: As can be seen from the graph, the gross margin of Tesco is more than that of Morrison’s in the year of 2009. However, while the gross margin has increased for Morrison’s from 2009 to 2010 while the same has decreased for Tesco. One point to note here is the sales done by both the companies. While Tesco had sales of the order of ? 56,910m in 2010, Morrison’s had just ? 15,410m. This difference is an indication of the size of the two companies. It is evident that in terms of sales, Tesco is well ahead of Morrison’s. Profit Margin Profit margin of a company can be defined as: The graph below shows the trend for profit margin for both the companies: Here again, the margin is more for Tesco as compared to that of Morrison’s in 2009. While the profit margin has increased considerably from 2009 to 2010, the same has remained almost equal for Tesco. The higher profit margin of Tesco indicates that the company is having a better control over its costs as compared to Morrison’s (Investopedia). Just like the gross sales, the value of net profit of Tesco (? 2,336m) is almost four times that of Morrison’s (? 598m). Return on assets and investments While return on assets measure the amount of net income generated for each unit of assets, return on investment measures the amount of income generated from each unit of owners’ equity. Return on assets is an ideal tool for comparing compan ies within the same industry. RoA is an indication of both the profit margin as well as asset turnover (Needles et al., 2010). The graph on the side here shows the Return on Assets for both the organization. The RoA is almost equal for both the companies. This indicates that both the organizations have almost equal efficiency in utilizing their assets. The graph on the side here shows the Return on Investment for both the organizations. RoI is more for Tesco in 2009 which indicates better return on investor wealth. One issue being faced by Tesco is a reduction in the RoI from 2009 to 2010. This imply that the average profit generated from the amount of income generated from owner’

Listening Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Listening Assignment - Essay Example ue Note Label recording company and it had a unique characteristic of being comprised of young players such as Bobby Timmons and Lee Morgan who played for the band in their early twenties . The band leader Art was commonly known for his hard hitting style of drumming and together with his band he made a revolution of bebop and later oversaw its transition into hard bop style of jazz (Lesslie 23). They toured many parts of the world such as the Netherlands, Japan, France and Belgium where they enjoyed a large fan base. In 1958, the band made a memorable live performance in Brussels Belgium where they performed tracks such as â€Å"Just By Myself†, â€Å"Moaning†, â€Å"I Remember Clifford†, â€Å"A Night In Tunisia†, â€Å"It’s You or No One†, â€Å"Whisper Not†, and â€Å"NY Theme† (Lesslie 36). This paper will focus more on the performances of the first four listed tracks, giving a vivid description of the performance, the various jazz styles the players incorporate in each of the tracks and also the role of the instruments used in the tracks. â€Å"Just By Myself† was a live jazz performance in 1958 by Art Blakey & the Jazz Messengers in Olympia Paris. A Benny Golson’s composition, â€Å"Just By Myself† was the opening performance of the Olympia concert. The band members are looking sharp with black suits. The five-minute performance starts right on the melody by a powerful drumming by the band’s leader and drummer Arthur Blakey who is rested sitting behind a Gretsch sparkle set. The song’s style is soft jazz and the piano sets the mood for smooth transitions of the bass guitar and the piano. Lee Morgan is the first soloist, his pitch and tone is spot on for twenty-year old musician. Benny Golson’s who is the second soloist starts with his famous long lines and quickly progresses with short quicker ones. He appears forceful, but rich in content. Bobby Timmons who is the final soloist appears more boppish than usual, but his skill on the keys is exceptionally

Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 24

Management - Essay Example This is because when a company is operating independently within the market they may be more privy or more â€Å"in the loop† to market information that exists. This could make them more capable of adapting to market changes and could also make them more capable of gaining a competitive advantage through things like innovation. An example of information being lost is if, say, a company has its own program for measuring performance and then has to switch to the program of the company that acquired them. Certain information may not transfer in the same way or may be considered irrelevant by the absorbing company. In this way information could get lost in the mix. This is not only true for information but for the organizational culture and structure of the company as well. Since economic performance is important to any company, implementing performance methodologies that are in line with overall economic performance is crucial to a company’s success. An effective performance methodology should be in line with the company’s overall performance. In other words, anything that influences a company’s economic performance needs to be accurately measured. Once these measurements are in place, a more accurate assessment of the company’s overall performance will be realized. An effective analogy could be to look at a football game. The goal of a football game is to score more points than the other team. All of the other measurements statistical measurements used in football are secondary. Yet it is also important to find out which of these measurements led to one team scoring more points than another team. In this way you can get a better idea of how the team is winning games and focus on improving in those areas that are the most i mportant for success. Finding the optimal transfer price is important because it can help to maximize a firm’s overall profits. Effective transfer pricing is therefore important to the overall economic performance of the

Should the government provide health care Essay

Should the government provide health care - Essay Example However, there is no sufficient evidence supporting the failures of government healthcare. Moreover, many developed countries such as Canada and Britain have successfully initiated a national healthcare plan. Therefore, governments should provide healthcare to the citizens. There are several arguments in support of government healthcare. Firstly, the initiation of government healthcare will ensure that everyone has access to healthcare. Many people do not have access to healthcare because many employers are not providing healthcare insurance due to increased premiums. Therefore, employees are carrying the burden of healthcare and many opt not to apply for health insurance. Accessing healthcare in hospitals is expensive for many citizens and this leads to deterioration of their health. The government’s provision of healthcare will ensure every citizen is able to access medical attention regardless of their financial status. Privatized healthcare is costly and not everyone can afford to pay for check-ups, health insurance premiums, and prescriptions. The healthcare provided by the government will be free for all citizens (Kaplan and Rodgers, 2009). Government healthcare would also improve the quality of healthcare as the health professionals’ time will not be wasted in processing insurance claims. Competition of insurance companies would be eradicated as the government would be in charge of healthcare administration. A lot of time is wasted in handling many insurance claims. A lot of insurance paperwork needs to be filled and claims need to be submitted. Therefore, the initiation of a government healthcare plan would ensure that healthcare professionals would only focus on treating their patients (Patel and Rushefsky, 2006). In addition, provision of healthcare by the government can help in regulating insurance companies. In privatized healthcare, insurance companies make a lot of money by raising premiums unfairly. Moreover, insurance

The Allegory of the Cave Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

The Allegory of the Cave - Assignment Example As the paper outlines, there are three major different scenes and each of the scenes when observed from a contemporary day view portrays the human mind in relation to changes. It is important to break down the analogy to gain an in-depth understanding of the philosopher’s views and get enlightened on various issues. In the analogy, there is both the literal and the inner meaning of the information provided. The allegory discusses a situation in the first scene where there are people seated in a cave staring into an empty wall. Behind them is a huge fire and in between the fire and the people is a pathway through which many people use. The people do not have the ability to see the people passing but can see the shadows formed on the wall (Soccio 134). According to the people seated in the cave, the images are real and nothing whatsoever can change their minds. This is set to imply knowledge in the contemporary environment. Over the years, people have had a difference in access to education. There are those that have had the opportunity to attend decent schools and have had a good education while there are those who have got as far as a certain grade. The images portrayed on the wall are just but illusions and not the reality and this is as far as the people seated in the cave understand. They represent the few that never completed education and thus their knowledge only gets so far. In the allegory, he explains that the extent to which people are enlightened determines a lot on the day-to-day choices that people make and consequently affects their general life. According to Plato, most human beings tend to remain content with everything that they understand and do not have the urge to gain more understanding of the contemporary environment. The amount of knowledge is necessary for people to gain a perspective of social and political systems. If people only understand the general senses of touch and sight but do not possess further knowledge, they would ne ver understand the system in terms of justice and the concept of love that would make the world more habitable.

Lego Mindstorms Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Lego Mindstorms - Essay Example Normally diversification strategies can lead to strategic competitiveness and above-average returns. In general firms using related diversification strategies outperform those employing unrelated diversification strategies. At some point of time the firms can become over-diversified. The level at which over-diversification occurs varies across companies, because each firm has different capabilities to manage diversification. Irrespective of the type of diversification strategies implemented declines in performance result from over-diversification. Even when a firm is not over-diversified a high level of diversification can have a negative impact on the long term performance of a firm. For instance the scope created by additional amounts of diversification often cause managers to rely on financial control rather than strategic controls to evaluate business units’ performance. Without a clear understanding of the objectives and strategies of the business the top level executives tend to rely on financial controls. Though this will ensure short-term gains are generated it may have a severe impact on the long-term investments and prospects of the firm.  In the case of Lego several mistakes in its history of last twenty and odd years and the biggest of such mistakes were to confuse growth with success. The sales growth of Lego was phenomenal during the 10 year period from1978 to 1988 with the sales increasing from Danish Kroner 1 billion to 5 billion which is a five fold increase. This sales growth made Lego look great. While during the 1980s VCRs, video games, cable Television and computers started to have their influence on the children Lego was busy expanding its sales to its target market across the world.   The main problem with the operations of Lego was that the company became a slow company with its complacency. For instance the company formed an association with MIT in 1984 but until ten years later the company could not invent any ‘intelli gent brick’. Though the programmable brick became popular the company could not market it as a mass market product since the company was unable to reduce the price. The real problem was that Lego lost its audience who the children loved at one point of time. It seems that the company had a core play values ‘encouraging the imagination and putting the child in charge’.  

Three topics every topic one page Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Three topics every topic one page - Essay Example As early as the 1820s the United States instituted reform measures aimed at curbing slavery throughout the country. For instance, the Missouri Compromise, established in 1820, outlawed the practice of slavery in any of the territories acquired in the Louisiana Purchase. While the Missouri Compromise constituted a major reform measures, undoubtedly another of the most prominent reform measures was the Compromise of 1850. The Compromise of 1850 established a number of reform measures aimed to curb the then boiling tensions regarding slavery. This compromise specifically indicated that Washington D.C. would not become a slave state and that the Southern wish to involve California in the slave trade was also prohibited. Conversely, the act granted the southern states a strong fugitive slave act, which ensured escaped slaves would be returned. Ultimately, however, while these reform measures put off the eventual war, they would not be enough to stop the significant sectional crisis that e merged. 2. The mid-19th century American division between the northern and southern states over slavery came to be referred to as the sectional crisis. The sectional crisis divided the nation along geographic lines and created new divisions that the nation had never previously experienced. This essay argues that the

Diversity in Organiza Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Diversity in Organiza - Term Paper Example Google has been a forerunner in encouraging diversity of thoughts and creativity that has led to the increasing use of its services by the customers. Google: Diversity of thought and creativity Google is a multinational company of US that provides internet related services to its customers all over the world. The company provides services in the areas of internet search activities, online software products, cloud computing and online advertising technologies. The online services provided by Google are with the help of a virtual communication medium that has attained increasing acceptance among the users all over the world. The overwhelming success of Google has been achieved with the help of innovation and creativity. Google has realized that the target group of customers of the company arte tech-savvy and therefore has the intellect to look forward to changes that would drive the process efficiency and profitability of any activity in real life as well as in the virtual platform. Mo reover the online mode of services to the users may be monotonous in absence of any changes in way in which online services are being offered or in the presentation of the web pages of Google. Instead of going by the dominant logic, Google has loved its rebels and encouraged those employees to provide new ideas and initiatives that would open up unexplored opportunities in the field on cloud computing services, search engines, web accounts, and online mode of technologies, online software, etc. The diversity of thought and creativity encouraged by Google is the source of innovation that has led to the uniqueness of the company in establishing a competitive advantage over its competitors like, Yahoo. Google encouraging the rebel minds: challenging the dominant logic In order to provide a wide range of services containing innovative characteristic features or a new refreshing look, Google has strategically adopted the policy of encouraging innovative ideas from the rebels who challeng e the dominant logic of the business processes. The innovative ideas from the employees are important and valuable inputs for the company that could be used for attracting the users of their online services. The new ideas provide the companies to develop cutting edge solutions which are unparallel to their competitors. The employees who challenge the dominant are viewed as assets by the organization as they are the source of innovative developments by the organization. Google believes that the dominant logic in the business is applied across the industry and has common features for the online services offered by all the companies through the virtual mode of business. The challenge of the dominant logic could only be initiated when the employees have in depth knowledge and experience to test the applications which are slightly different from the common practices at the same time fulfilled the goals of the organization. The encouragement of diversity and creativity enhances the knowle dge of the workforce of the company as it leads to health exchange of ideas and thoughts for process improvement and customer service delivery. Rationale behind strategy of encouraging diversity of thought The rationale behind the strategy of encouragement of the diversity of thoughts and creativity by Google could be described as follows. The entire world is undergoing a

Nation’s Advantages of Affirmative Actions Essay Example for Free

Nation’s Advantages of Affirmative Actions Essay Consistent with the exact characterization of affirmative action, the truth is that affirmative action programs have improved the gender, ethnic, and racial diversity of many workplace, educational, etc. settings in the United States. This diversity helped enhance the lives of every American in several ways, including better health, improved learning, and more secured communities. Affirmative action benefited the higher education since social and intellectual development of both minority and non-minority students are improved in ethnically and racially diverse educational settings (American Psychological Association, 1999, p. 1). One outcome, for instance, is the increase in the numbers of students belonging to ethnic minorities who grow to be student peers of majority students. The Nation’s Health, on the other hand, also benefited from affirmative action in the sense that much can be medically learned from the racial and ethnic groups that will consequently result to the benefit of every Americans. For instance, despite the fact that ethnic minority Americans usually experience poorer physical condition than non-minorities, yet in several cases and even in the face of extreme poverty rates and other risks to health, these groups experience lesser levels health problems, particularly chronic disease, which can be the basis for several medical research (American Psychological Association, 1999, p. 1). The Need of Persistent Implementation of Affirmative Action Decades ago, an African-American mother was three times as expected to die of complications in the course of childbirth as white mother, and at present she is over three times as expected to die in the course of her childbirth (Richey, 2003). The mortality rate for blacks was twice that for whites, and at present it is a little over twice as whites (Richey, 2003). From 1978 to present, four times as many African-American families survived with incomes lower than the poverty line than white families. For black teens, the unemployment rate is thrice that of whites, and for black adults it is twice as whites. Unfortunately at present, every statistics relatively remained unchanged. In 1978, African-American corresponded to 11. 5 percent of the United States’ population, but they were only 1. 2 percent of the judges and lawyers, 2. 3 percent of the dentists, 2 percent of the physicians, 2. 6 percent of university and college professors, and 1. 1 percent of the engineers (Richey, 2003). At present, blacks correspond to roughly 12. 3 percent of the country’s population, and are 5. 1 percent of the judges and lawyers, 4. 1 percent of dentists, 5. 6 percent of physicians, 6. 1 percent of university and college professors, and 5. 5 percent of engineers (Richey, 2003). Although such statistics proved that affirmative action has helped to strengthen the black professionals’ ranks, yet African-American in general has been left behind. Notwithstanding all the discussions of the establishment of a black middle class, the position of the black community to white American has relatively remained the same. As such, affirmative action must be continually asserted to put in place mandatory and voluntary efforts by local, state, and federal governments, schools, and private employers to combat inequalities and encourage fair hiring and promotions of qualified individuals. Reverse Discrimination Stimulated by annoyed white men, a reaction against affirmative action started to accumulate. To conservatives, the system opened the door for education, promotions, or employments to minorities and at the same time, closed the door on whites. Conservatives resented the thought that a number of incompetent minorities were receiving blanket advantages on the American system (Brunner, 2007). Quotas and preferential treatment turned into contempt expressions. Even more controversial was the allegation that a number of minorities benefited from playing the part of professional victim. By the late 70s, deficiencies in the policy started to show up in the course of its excellent objectives. In 1978, reverse discrimination became a concern, exemplified by the celebrated Bakke case (Brunner, 2007). Because of a certain medical school’s separate admissions policy for minorities and reservation of 18 out of 100 places for minority students, the school had been rejecting Allan Bakke, a white male, for two years in a row and in its place had accepted less competent minority applicants. Because of unjust discrimination against a white applicant, the Supreme Court banned affirmative action programs’ rigid quota systems. However, in the same ruling, the Court sustained affirmative action’s legality per se. The dispute concerning affirmative action has as well grown more difficult and murky as the public has come to realize its complexity. Several liberals, for instance, can appreciate the prejudice of affirmative action given that white employees with seniority were laid off, whereas black workers often retained their jobs. Many conservatives, on the other hand, were pushed to get a hold of a better option to the imposition of a stringent quota system.

Kinesin Moves by an Asymmetric Hand-Over-Hand Mechanism

Kinesin Moves by an Asymmetric Hand-Over-Hand Mechanism Introduction This review discusses the motion of kinesin, a double headed motor protein. A study was conducted to determine which of two motion patterns is the one which describes the movement of this protein: the inchworm model, or the hand-over-hand model. What is Kinesin? Kinesin is a protein in a class of motor proteins which are powered by the hydrolysis of ATP – the molecule responsible for transporting chemical energy for metabolism [1]. Kinesin transports large cargo about cells by walking along microtubules, hydrolysing one molecule of ATP per step [2]. It has been proposed than the force of the protein binding to the microtubule propels the cargo along [3]. Kinesin moves to the â€Å"plus† end of the microtubule, meaning it transports the cargo from the centre to the edge of the cell [4]. There is evidence that some kinesins have a role in mitosis (cell division), by separating microtubules or depolymerising them [5]. The Models The inchworm model describes motion with one â€Å"arm† of the protein moving forward, followed by the other, with the first arm always in the lead. There are two types of inchworm motion, symmetric and asymmetric, which are shown in the image below. The symmetric model takes smaller steps, so only one arm moves at a time. Asymmetric motion takes a single step, at the middle of which both arms move. In the hand-over-hand model, alternating arms move forward over each other. In the symmetric case, the molecule rotates in the same direction every time, but in the asymmetric case the molecule rotates in alternating directions. These models are shown in the image below. Main Results The papers main result shows that the kinesin protein moves using an asymmetric hand-over-hand mechanism. To reach this verdict, a variety of single molecule experiments were performed. They established that the individual kinesin dimers make discrete steps at random intervals along the microtubule, and may take as many as one hundred 8 nm steps before releasing. The movement is processive, meaning that the protein can make many consecutive steps without releasing the substrate (the molecule on which it acts – here, the microtubule). This motion exists even when external forces up to several pN are applied, which indicates part of the protein stays attached at all times. The active part of kinesin is composed of a dimer, with two identical heavy chains, each with a â€Å"head† attached to a common stalk. These chains join to a short â€Å"neck† composed of single polypeptide chains. The heavy chains are coiled round each other to allow the rotation necessary for the hand-over-hand model. This rotation is about the neck, but the motion of the heads turning would continue winding, summing until the heavy chains would join into a common stalk, preventing independent rotation. A study was conducted [6] showing that no significant rotation occurs of the stalk during the stepping motion. For a symmetric model, a large rotation (about 180 degrees) was expected in the hand-over-hand models. The basis for the definition of â€Å"symmetric† here was in three dimensions: the structure of the kinesin and microtubule must be identical at the start and end of each ATP hydrolytic cycle, except for the two heads having swapped places [6]. An example of this is simply the dimer rotating half a revolution about an axis perpendicular to the microtubule each step [7], hence the prediction for a rotation of 180 degrees. However this was ruled out, and an inchworm model was proposed. In this, only one of the heads is active in hydrolysis, but the possibility of an asymmetric hand-over-hand motion remained. This would mean that the head and neck move in such a way that the overall rotation of the stalk is suppressed, instead alternating between two distinct structures [8]. How They Were Obtained The step motion of individual native and recombinant (formed in the lab by combining genetic material from multiple sources) kinesin molecules was measured, using optical force-clamp apparatus. This technique uses light from a tightly focussed laser to trap small, polarisable particles in a potential well near the focal point [9]. It was found that the intrinsic stepping rates alternated between two different values for each step, meaning the molecules â€Å"limped†. The difference in steps implies there was an alternation in underlying molecular configurations, meaning the motion could not be fully symmetric (such as the inchworm and symmetric hand-over-hand motions should be). The discovery of the limp, along with other nano-mechanical properties, means the protein moves with an asymmetric hand-over-hand motion. Single molecules of kinesin were attached to microscopic beads, serving as markers for position and as handles for external forces. An optical trap was then used to capture the individual beads that diffused whilst carrying the kinesin, which were placed near the microtubules. This was while kinesin bound and moved. The motion was then tracked using nanometer level precision. A feedback-controlled force lamp was used to apply a constant backwards load during the motion, in order to reduce the Brownian fluctuations and improve the spatiotemporal resolution. It also allowed for the kinesin to move further, taking more steps, in order to show statistical significance. The Results A derivative of Drosophila melanogaster kinesin (DmK401) was shown to have an obvious limp, with large time differences in the steps despite the stochastic nature (and ensuing variability). Statistical analysis showed significant differences in the average step times for both slow and fast steps. The durations of the steps were then calculated as Ï„slow = 136  ± 6 ms and Ï„fast = 24  ± 1 ms. The limp factor, L, can then be calculated as the ratio of the mean duration of the slow stepping time to the mean duration of the fast stepping time. The distribution showed significant limping for the majority of molecules, but there was wide variation in the results. 63% of records showed L > 4, and the average was L = 6.45  ± 0.31. Some motors took many runs and had consistently higher limp factors than others, but the distribution was broad and the populations could not be separated of limping and non-limping molecules. Other kinesin molecules, such as the native squid kinesin, showed almost no evidence of limping – the same calculations were applied as to DmK401, and the times were calculated to be Ï„slow = 90  ± 4 ms and Ï„fast = 54  ± 2 ms. The difference is much smaller than that for DmK401. The limp distribution was also found to be narrower, with the average limp factor being L = 2.23  ± 0.14, only slightly higher than the estimated value for a non-limping molecule, L ~ 1.8. The test was then done with kinesin derivates of Drosophila which had increasing stalk lengths. Longer stalks mean the motors are less likely to limp. The largest stalk tested was that of DmK871, and this had a limp factor of L = 2.16  ± 0.17, which was indistinguishable from native squid kinesin. There was also a correlation between an increasing limp factor (therefore shorter stalks) and an increase in characteristic lifetime of the slow step time, whereas the fast step remained invariant. This suggests the limping comes from one head alone, and the other is indifferent. A bacterial expression of a derivative of human kinesin (HsK413) also limped, with limp factor = 2.98  ± 0.25, much greater than the native squid kinesin, but still less than DmK401 and DmK448. Rarely, squid kinesin molecules seemed to limp, making outliers – some of which limped consistently. Discussion As both native and bacterially expressed dimers from different species can limp, this behaviour may be a result of a common mechanism describing how all kinesin molecules move. The alternation between short and long step times during limping reflects an alternation between the intrinsic rate (the rate with which the population increases) and the time it takes to leave each phase where neither head is moving. This implies the structure of the kinesin-microtubule complex is different at the end of sequential steps. The mechanism describing the movement of kinesin must therefore be asymmetric, meaning the molecular configuration switches after each step. Symmetric mechanisms, by definition, cannot account for switching – inchworm models will not limp without additional (asymmetric) features, nor will symmetric hand-over-hand models. The detail of how kinesin motors move is not well known or understood, so we cannot look at how limping could relate to the structure of the motion, but there are some suggestions based on the asymmetric hand-over-hand mechanism. Limping could be caused by misalignment of the stalk coils, meaning the necks would be different lengths, hence the head with a shorter neck would need extra time to find the next binding site using a diffusional search and overall slowing the kinetics. Another option is that there could be over- or under-winding of the coils from hand-over-hand motion, causing torsional asymmetry. The energy required to coil or uncoil the stalk would be reduced, changing the equilibrium and the rate with which the head moves forward. Whilst there is no immediate explanation for the effect whereby the shorter stalks result in longer slow stepping times, it may be incorporated into later studies with further assumptions. However, these experiments have shown that more approaches are needed for single-molecule experiments to answer these questions. Despite the exact mechanism not being known, the experiments do show that the kinesin motors limp, and making the asymmetric hand-over-hand mechanism the most likely. Why is this Significant? This is a breakthrough in the field, as more detail can now be found on how biological motors move. By establishing how kinesin moves, other motors can be analysed to find their mechanisms for movement, and this helps to further our understanding of biology. The same experiment can be done with other proteins, or more experiments can be done with kinesin to better understand certain factors – for example, why the slow stepping times correlate to shorter stalks, or why limping appears to come from one head only. What Other Work has Been Done? Whilst many similar experiments have been conducted, this has improved the knowledge of kinesins movement by showing that the inchworm model does not apply. It has opened up avenues for either looking deeper into kinesins movement, or for finding the mechanisms for other motors. The experimental method used was also new, and was different from the previous study by Hua, Chung and Gelles [6], which was researching something similar. Hua, Chung and Gelles looked at the rotations in the movement of kinesin, with the null hypothesis of a symmetric hand-over-hand mechanism. This was done by immobilizing a derivative of Drosophila, and measuring the different orientations of the microtubules as it moved. Their findings were consistent with the inchworm model, which is why it was proposed initially. Conclusion The kinesin mechanism is now better understood than before, with more information gained in explaining the mechanism. This has presented more factors for consideration and created new questions to answer: the opportunity for further research is huge. Future experiments could consider different proteins movements, or look deeper into the kinesin mechanism. The discovery is significant as it has not only given more insight into biological motors, but revealed ample possibilities for more experiments in the field. Acknowledgement This review was written primarily based on the work of â€Å"Asbury, C L et al. 2003. Kinesin Moes by an Asymmetric Hand-Over-Hand Mechanism. Science. 302(2130).†, with all numerical values and the majority of content based on the paper, unless otherwise stated. References [1] Knowles, JR. 1980. Enzyme-catalyzed phosphoryl transfer reactions. Annual Revue of Biochemistry. 49, pp.877–919. [2] Schnitzer MJ. 1997. Kinesin hydrolyses one ATP per 8-nm step. Nature. 388(6640), pp.386–390. [3] Mather, WH and Fox RF. 2006. Kinesins biased stepping mechanism: amplification of neck linker zippering. Biophysical Journal. 91(7), pp.2416–26. [4] Ambrose, JC, et al. 2005. A minus-end-directed kinesin with plus-end tracking protein activity is involved in spindle morphogenesis. Molecular Biology of the Cell . 16(4) pp.1584–92. [5] Goshima, G and Vale, RD. 2005. Cell cycle-dependent dynamics and regulation of mitotic kinesins in Drosophila S2 cells. Molecular Biology of the Cell. 16(8) pp.3896–907. [6] Hua, W, Chung J, and Gelles, J. 2002. Science. 295, p.844. [7] Howard, J. 1996. Annual Revue of Physiology. 58, p.703. [8] Hoenger, A et al. 2000. Journal of Molecular Biology. 297, p.1087. [9] Greenleaf, W J et al 2005. Physical Revue Letters. 95, 208102.

Three Phase Systems

Three Phase Systems Determine the neutral current in the unblanced 4-wire star power system shown in figure1. Express the answer in both complex number and polar forms. Use a simulator to confirm the magnitude of the nuetral current which is eqaluated. Given that, Z1 = 40 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚  50 ° Z2 = 10 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚  30 ° Z3 = 25 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚  60 ° V1 = 230 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚  0 ° V2 = 230 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚  120 ° V3 = 230 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚  240 ° à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ § To Find Neutral Current by Calculation: To find the neutral current, first we have to find I1, I2 and I3 and then add them together to get the neutral current. à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ § To find I1: I1 = I1 = I1 = I1 = (5.75 ) A (Polar Form) Current in Rectangular Form: I1 = (3.69 -j 4.40) A à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ § To find I2: I2 = I2 = I2 = I2 = (23 90) A (Polar Form) Current in Rectangular Form: I2 = (0 +j 23) A à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ § To find I3: I3 = I3 = I3 = I3 = (9.2 180) A (Polar Form) I3 = (-9.2 +j 0) A (Rectangular Form) Now to find neutral current IN, we need to add I1, I2 and I3 IN = I1 + I2 + I3 IN = (3.69 -j 4.40) + (0 +j 23) + (-9.2 +j 0) IN = (3.96 + 0 9.2) +j (-4.40 + 23 + 0) IN = (-5.51 +j 18.6) A (Rectangular Form) IN = 19.39 106.50 A (Polar Form) à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ § Using TINA Simulation: Use the three-wattmeter method on a simulator to determine the total effective power dissipated in Figure1. Confirm this answer by calculation. à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ § Using TINA Simulation: à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ § Total Effective Power Dissipated in Figure1 by Calculation: To find total effective power dissipated, first we have to find P1 eff, P2 effand P3 eff à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ § To find P1 eff : P1 eff P1 eff = cos 50 P1 eff = 850 W à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ § To find P2 eff : P1 eff P2 eff = cos 30 P2 eff = 4581.27 W à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ § To find P3 eff : P1 eff P1 eff = cos 60 P1 eff = 1058 W P total = P1 eff + P2 eff+ P3 eff P total = 850 + 4581.27 + 1058 P total = 6489.27 W If V1 went open circuit, calculate the new value of neutral current for Figure1. if V1 went open or is at fault then I1 will become zero and the neutral current will be the sum of the other two currents I1 and I2 IN = I1 + I2 + I3 V1 went open so, I1 = 0 therefore, IN = 0 + I2 + I3 IN = I2 + I3 IN = (0 +j 23) + (-9.2 +j 0) IN = (0 9.2) + j (23 + 0) IN = (-9.2 + j23) A (Rectangular Form) IN = 24.77 111.80 A (Polar Form) Single-core Three-Phase Double-Wound Transformer Introduction: Transformer is a static device which transfers electrical energy or power between two or more than two circuits using phenomena of Electromagnetic induction. It takes the current of one voltage and converts it into a different voltage. The amount of transferred energy from Primary circuit to the Secondary Circuit is equal, and the losses are ignored. The frequency of the circuits does not change but the voltage and current of each of the individual circuit is changed, it is increased or decreased, unless we use the transformer as a one-to-one isolating transformer. Basically, the transformer perform the function of changing electricity from high to low voltage by making use of the following properties of electricity. Magnetism is always present around in an electric circuit. Magnetic field is always changed by changing the strength or moving the conductor therefore voltage is induced. Voltage is known as the measure of the Force or Pressure that is used to push the electrons around the circuit. Electricity at a higher voltage goes in the transformer and runs through the large number of coils that are wounded around the iron core. As the current is changing, the core magnetism will also be changing. A wire with less coils around the iron core is known as the output wire and the changing magnetism produces current in the wire. When the number of coils are less that means less voltage and more coils means more voltage. Therefore, the voltage is either stepped down or stepped up according to the number of coils in the wire. A common transformer involves a ferromagnetic core which ensures that values of magnetic flux linkage remain high. But there are some factors related to the ferromagnetic materials that are responsible for part of the loss associated with power transfer. These losses are as follows: 1. Core losses: Core losses can be classified as the sum of eddy currents losses and the hysteresis loss. Hysteresis loss: Energy that a magnetic material soaks in cannot be recovered completely. Core of the material is excited by an A.C source, the flux density rises and falls with the magnetic field strength or current which is basically sinusoidal. When the magnetizing current increases the flux density also increases but there comes a point after which if there is any further increase in the current, flux density is saturated. If the current is reduced from the saturation point to zero, flux density will start to decrease. When the value of the current reaches upto zero the flux density should also become zero but it does not become equal to zero. Some of the flux density will still be present in the material for the zero current, which is called as a residual magnetic flux. Thus, the total amount of energy used to magnetize the material cannot be recovered back and this energy is trapped within the material core and is dissipated as a form of heat. Area of B/H curve gives the hysteresis loss, larger the loop the greater the energy required to create the magnetic field. Eddy current losses: If a coil is wrapped around a core made up of some material and an A.C source is applied to circuit, eddy current losses take place. As the supply to the coil is changing or alternating which produces an alternating flux in the coil. The varying flux in the core induces e.m.f in the core material due to which eddy currents start to flowing in the core material. Therefore, the energy is lost or dissipated in the form of heat because of eddy currents. The laminations in the core can reduce the eddy current losses. Thin sheet steels which are separated from each other must be used because these insulated sheets reduce the amount of the current flow and hence the eddy current losses. 2. Copper losses: Copper loss occurs when the transformer is loaded, the input power is dissipated as heat in the primary and secondary windings of the transformer because these windings have internal resistance. When the load is low, the amount of heat produced is small but at high loads the amount of heat produced becomes significant. à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Construction of Single-core three-phase double wound Transformer: A single-core three-phase double wound transformer consists of three sets of primary and secondary windings, individual set winded on each leg of the core made up of iron. The windings consists of turns made up with the insulated wire. These coils are then mounted on a magnetic core material in such a way that the magnetic flux produced by one coil increases and ensures that the most of the magnetic flux links with the second coil so that mutual induction is being increased. The coils are spaced 120 degrees apart. The transformer is filled with a dielectric oil and thus provide insulation in-between the winding and case. These windings are either connected in star or delta configurations. Delta Connection: Delta system proves excellent for distribution system for short distances. These types of transformers are used in neighbourhood and commercial loads of small magnitude near to the substations. There is one kind of voltage present between the 2 wires in the delta system. This system is shown by a Triangle. The voltage between any two wires will be the same and from each individual point of the Triangle, wire emerges which represents a three phase. Star Connections: For a star connection, voltage of two lines is the same as the voltage on a 3 phase system. In Star connection, each of the windings are made up connecting each individual winding end to end and this point is the star point or neutral point of connection winding. Connection for neutral and 3 phase connections are then taken out of transformer. à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Applications of Transformers: Transformers in Electrical Engineering: An electrical engineer may put a transformer in a circuit for many reasons. If the device being powered require higher power than what is available locally or the powered device needs frequency matching, a transformer is placed in such circuits. For example signal and audio transformers are used to couple amplifiers and microphones to the input of the amplifiers. Power Utilities: When driving through a rural area, power polls and overhead power lines can be seen and transformers are placed on these power polls by power utilities. Utility substations make use of transformers to deliver power of certain usable level and quality to consumers and businesses. Power Generation and Distribution: Electrical power is generated at the power station and this electrical energy is then transferred to the consumers through high tension power lines. To distribute the electricity from the power station to the consumer, different transformers are used in stepping up and stepping down the voltage up to the certain level. Commercial use: Every electrical device uses transformer in one way or another. Almost every commercial building has at least three or four large high power transformers in order to provide required voltages to operate overhead lightning system, telephone system, heating, operating electrical equipment in labs and much more. Transformers in home: There are a lot of transformers used in many appliances at our homes that require different voltages for their operation. Electric appliances like dishwasher, washing machine, microwave and fridge require comparatively high voltages between 110 and 240 volts, the devices like laptops and charger mobile phones and MP3 players require relatively low voltages. A laptop charger requires up to 15V while mobile phone charger requires up to 6V and M3 chargers require up to 12V to charge up their batteries. Thus, these appliances have small transformers built in them which convert the domestic supply of 110-240 volts into a low voltage that they require for their operation. à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Power Transmission and Distribution System: Three-phase system is used in power transmission because less amount of conductor is used to transmit electrical energy to different places. Three conductors carry 3 alternating currents peak values of which reach at different intervals of time. If a conductor is taken as a reference point, there is a delay of time by one third and two third of a cycle of the current for the remaining two currents. Because of this delay in the available phases, constant power is transferred over each cycle of current. There can or cannot be a neutral wire in three-phase systems. Neutral wire is used to allow a higher voltage while still supporting the appliances operating at lower single phase voltages. As loads can directly be connected between the phases so there is no neutral current wire in high voltage distribution. There are many factors that make three-phase system very desirable and reliable in electric power systems. In a load which is linearly balanced, the phase currents cancel each other and add up to give a zero which also helps in eliminating the neutral wire. Phase conductor carry same amount of current which means that they all can have a same size of conductor for balanced conditions. Moreover, the transfer of power in the system is constant for a linear system, it reduces the vibrations in a system. à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Generation: Electricity is generated at the power station at around 10kV by rotating a coil in the magnetic field. In power stations, all the generators are synchronised so that they all produce electricity that oscillates together. For more efficient generation, three windings are used on the generator to produce three-phase electricity. Sources for power generation: For distribution, the following types of resources are available for the generation of the electricity. Conventional Methods: Thermal energy: Thermal energy or the Nuclear energy is used to produce steam for the turbines that drives the rotating AC generators to produce electrical energy. Hydro-electric: Potential of water is stored at a higher altitude and is made passed through the turbines which in turn drive the generators. Non-Conventional Methods: Wind power: Winds blowing at high speeds are used to drive the turbines that are coupled to the rotating AC generators. à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Transmission: Transmission has an important role between the production of power and the usage of power. Transmission lines carry high voltage electricity over long distances from power plants to the consumers. Once the power is generated. It is send to the substation in the power plant where the voltage is stepped-up using step up transformer for transmission purposes. When the voltage is stepped up, it helps in the reduction of the transmission losses. It is then sent to the grid station from where it is further transmitted to different cities. Why there is a need to step up the voltage for transmission: For transmission over long distances, transmission lines are made up of conducting materials like aluminium and power loss is always associated with these conducting materials. This is because if the current through the wire is I and the resistance of the wire is R then an amount of electrical power I2R is dissipated as heat. This will result in a much less power at the receiving end than the actual power generated at the station. Thus, when power is transmitted at a high voltage, wires of low current carrying capacity are used so there is no need of thick wires that cost considerably high instead they can be replaced by thin wires that cost less. à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Distribution: Substations reduce the voltage of the electricity from the transmission lines. The power grid is connected to the different parts of the country and it distributes the power in different cities through transmission lines. The transmitted power from the power grid is stepped-down to 110,000 volts from 230,000 volts using a step-down auto transformer. Then for the distribution of power for industrial uses, the power is again stepped-down to 11,000 volts from 110.000 volts by step-down transformer located in the streets. This reduction in the voltage increases the current in the wires and thus the losses but greatly reduces the cost of power poles and increases the safety. The distribution substation further reduces the voltage to 230 volts or 440 volts for the local transmission for domestic purposes depending upon the need of the user. Some business and houses require two or three-phase power supply while the others only need single phase supply. à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Operation of the transformer: Transformer works on the principle of mutual induction. According to Faradays Law of electromagnetic induction: Rate of change of flux linkage is directly proportion to the induced emf in a conductor or coil with respect to time. When primary winding is connected to a voltage source, an AC flows through it and which produces a continually changing magnetic flux that surrounds the winding. This changing magnetic flux flows to the secondary winding as some flux from primary winding will be linked to the secondary winding. As magnitude and direction of the flux is continually alternating, change of flux takes place in the secondary winding. According to Faradays law of electromagnetic induction, this changing magnetic flux produces an induced electro motive force or simply the voltage in the secondary winding of transformer therefore, a current start to flow if the circuit is closed. The rate at which the flux changes depends upon the amount of the flux which is linked with the secondary winding of the transformer. Therefore, it is important to link all the flux from the primary winding to the secondary winding of the transformer. It can be done by putting a low reluctance path which is usually common to both of the windings and that low reluctance path is known as the core of the transformer. Three-phase Induction Motor Introduction: Electric motor is a device which performs the operation of converting electrical energy into a mechanical energy. The induction motor is known as a three-phase AC motor which is widely used in the industrial applications as they are: Self-starting. Their construction is simple and compact. Less expensive. Require minimum amount of maintenance. More reliable and highly efficient. Additional starting motor is not required and do not required to be synchronised. Induction motor is also known as asynchronous motor. Due to inductive coupling, the generated electromagnetic power is transferred to the secondary winding. These windings are being separated by air gap between them. The induction motor consists of a Stator and a Rotor. The motor frame is permanently attached with windings of very low resistance. When current and voltage is applied to the terminals of Stator windings, a magnetic field is produced. à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Applications of three-phase induction motor: Induction motors are most demanded motors in the industry. Some of their applications are given below: Industrial drives make use of 3 phase cage rotor motors because they are pretty simple, efficient and are not costly. Single phase induction motors are used where the load is comparatively smaller. These motors are being

english :: essays research papers

Guidone 1 Throughout time Shakespeare has influenced society in many ways. He has been a great inspiration to literature, plays, painters, movies and language. Many of his plays and poems have been required as a part of liberal education. His idea’s on such subjects as heroism, romantic love, and the nature of tragedy have shaped the attitudes of millions of people and influenced their thinking.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Shakespeare contributed greatly to the English speaking language. Many phrases and words from Shakespeare’s poems and plays have become apart of our everyday speech. Millions of people that use his words or phrases are unaware they are created by him. Some common words he has invented are assassination, bump, eventful, and disgraceful conduct. Shakespeare introduced almost 3,000 words into the Oxford English Dictionary. There are over 1700 common words of Shakespeare origin in our everyday vocabulary. The most rapid growth of vocabulary in the recorded history of language was the period of Shakespeare. Due to his inventiveness and creative word play he has had the greatest impact on our daily vocabulary. Many people quote Shakespeare almost everyday without knowing it. If a person doesn’t understand my argument and the one party state’s â€Å"It’s Greek to me†, or if someone has ever â€Å"Refused to budge an inch†, they a re quoting excerpts of Shakespeare. Many people re-sight lines from Shakespeare’s plays without even reading them. One of the most famous lines is â€Å"To be or not to be.† He experimented with all sorts of words and phrases to create vivid pictures in the mind. Shakespeare helped shape many English speaking countries. He often invented and changed words around. Some of Shakespeare’s words may be confusing or unfamiliar to Guidone 2 many of the modern readers. However, many of the words he had employed are no longer being used.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Since Shakespeare’s death he has influenced every generation of writers, painters and still has some impact on contemporary plays. Many rhetoric devices were used in his work, that writers are often using now. Some familiar ones are alliteration, which is the same sound being repeated in a line or group of lines and repetition, which is when something repeats itself. He often used a lot of imagery, which many writers found useful. With imagery writers were able to create excitement. Shakespeare’s Macbeth was one of the famous and brilliant examples of imagery. There are many paintings from Macbeth that have been done by some of the best artist.

Gatsbys Destruction :: essays research papers

Gatsby’s Destruction Gatsby’s destruction is caused by his inability to let go of a dream which cannot be realized: possessing Daisy Buchanan. He does not care so much for the person herself as the ideal she represents to him: true love and happiness. In the hopes of attracting Daisy, and in the hopes of becoming happy, Gatsby amasses a vast horde of wealth, and throws extravagant parties frequently: "At least once a fortnight a corps of caterers came down with several hundred feet of canvas and enough colored lights to make a Christmas tree of Gatsby’s enormous garden. On buffet tables, garnished with glistening hors d’oeuvre, spiced baked hams crowded against salads of harlequin designs and pastry pigs and turkeys bewitched to a dark gold" (page 44) Such grandeur would be more than adequate to please most people, but not Gatsby. He cannot be happy until he is with the ideal woman, in the ideal relationship. Gatsby’s greatest strengths as a character, and his greatest weaknesses, are his ambition, tenacity and discipline. At the end of the novel, we see that Gatsby has been this way since he was a child. His father comes upon one of his "resolve sheets" that he used to make. It reads: "Rise from bed..........................................6:00 A.M. Dumbbell exercise and wall scaling........6:15-6:30 Study electricity, etc..................................7:15-8:15 Work..........................................................8:30-4:30 Baseball and sports....................................4:30-5:00" (p.181) and so on. This, as Gatsby’s father says "Just goes to show you" (page181). It shows the reader that Gatsby was always destined for a lifestyle of wealth, but never destined to enjoy it. From childhood, Gatsby has been disciplined, ambitious, and tenacious. He was unwavering in his dedication to certain goals. Unfortunately, Gatsby’s ultimate goal was unattainable. Daisy comes from a family of great wealth and "old money". She is a member of an elite society of rich, snobbish people. Although she did not love her husband, she values the status and protection he provided for her. If she left Tom for Gatsby, she would lose this status and protection. Gatsby, although he is rich, is not "old rich". Because of this, he is looked down upon by members of Daisy’s class. Consequently, she would not leave her status for someone who she cared for. She thought her social obligations more important than Gatsby’s "true love". The arrogance of her class comes across as Tom talks to Gatsby, who is probably more rich than he is, but not of the older aristocratic class: " ‘She’s not leaving me.

Custom Written Essays: Rating Hamlet -- The Tragedy of Hamlet Essays

Rating Hamlet  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   Is this Shakespearean tragedy Hamlet at the top of the rating chart, or is it just near the top? This essay intends to examine various aspects of this subject, along with critical opinion.    Could the enduring reputation of Hamlet   be attributed to the â€Å"ultimate form† in which the Bard of Avon expressed his ideas? Robert B. Heilman says so in â€Å"The Role We Give Shakespeare†:    It is the way of venerable texts whose authenticity has impressed itself on the human imagination: he has said many things in what seems an ultimate form, and he is a fountainhead of quotation and universal center of allusion. â€Å"A rose by any other name† comes to the mouth as readily as â€Å"Pride goeth before a fall,† and seems no less wise. [. . .] The Ophelia-Laertes relationship is strongly felt near the end of Goethe’s Faust, Part I, and the Hamlet-Gertrude-Claudius triangle echoes throughout Chekhov’s Sea Gull (24-25).    This play is ranked by many as the very greatest ever written. Cumberland Clark in â€Å"The Supernatural in Hamlet† gives the consensus regarding Hamlet that exists among literary critics of today:    At least six or seven years pass after the writing of Midsummer Night’s Dream before we find Shakespeare engaged on Hamlet, the second of the great plays with an important Supernatural element, and, in the opinion of many, the greatest tragedy ever penned. (99)    There is no more exalted ranking than the above. Richard A. Lanham in the essay â€Å"Superposed Plays† maintains that no other English tragedy has generated the literary comment which this play has produced: â€Å"Hamlet is one of the great tragedies. It has generated more comment than any other written document in English literatu... ...iversity Press, 1965. Lanham, Richard A. â€Å"Superposed Plays.† Modern Critical Interpretations: Hamlet. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1986. Rpt. from The Motives of Eloquence: Literary Rhetoric in the Renaissance. N.p.: Yale University Press, 1976. Levin, Harry. General Introduction. The Riverside Shakespeare. Ed. G. Blakemore Evans. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1974. Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1995. http://www.chemicool.com/Shakespeare/hamlet/full.html No line nos. Wright, Louis B. and Virginia A. LaMar. â€Å"Hamlet: A Man Who Thinks Before He Acts.† Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Ed. Louis B. Wright and Virginia A. LaMar. N. p.: Pocket Books, 1958.

Blood Diamond Essay

Africa was known as â€Å"The Dark Continent† during the Victorian Era, believed by Europeans to be a land where even the slightest trace of civilization tends to collapse under madness and savagery. It seems especially common for Europeans to assume that anyone who ventures into Africa would then sink into an irrevocable state of delirium. Such notion was amplified by Joseph Conrad, who, in Heart of Darkness, took Africa as a land so free from moral restraints that no civility could stand from being pulverized by its darkness. Blood Diamond, dating a hundred years after Heart of Darkness, presents a different view. Although the film seems to faithfully support the conventional view of Africa as a place that forces its inhabitants into madness, a closer examination of Blood Diamond shows that, quite the opposite of depicting Africa as The Dark Continent, the film actually rebuts the view by emphasizing the underlying grace of the land. Blood Diamond sends out the message that rather then being the other way around, it is the colonizers of Africa who are forcing the continent into its present state of violence and madness. Through contrasting between parts of Africa with assorted degrees of western influence, director Edward Zwick shows that Africa without colonization would be a land of peace and grace. This contrast is established between the depiction of an RUF (Revolutionary United Front) headquarters and an elusive school that lies within the immutable jungles of Africa. Zwick uses costume to represent western ideals brought to Africa through colonization when portraying the RUF headquarters. When Danny Archer first gets off the plane to do business with Commander Zero, the audience is introduced to a group of African teenagers dressed in shockingly familiar looking attires. Indeed Captain Rambo, a member of the RUF, is dressed in no way different from any North American boy. His clothing without doubt emulates the fashion of North American hip-hop generation. His wide sunglasses, baggy pants, and chain necklace all too well indicate western influence. It is only when he holds up a gun that the audience senses a strong odour of irony. The gangster image that prevails this RUF headquarters contrasts with a peaceful African community in the midst of the jungle, a community in which the effect of colonization is less apparent. In fact, Zwick speaks of this community as an â€Å"island of sanity†. The term â€Å"island† denotes not only a sense of isolation from the atrocity of the surrounding world, but also a sense of isolation from western influence. It is within this community that a group of child soldiers are carefully returned to life. Of these two African communities, the one that displays a crave for western ideals is the one that rears violence and madness, whereas the primitive jungle described as the very medium of suffocation in Heart of Darkness becomes the place where sanity is restored. Through contrasting between a world greatly influenced by colonization and a world that is not yet penetrable to its grasp, Blood Diamond clearly conveys the idea that it is the white people who are jeopardizing Africa’s graceful soul with their intrusion, and it is the colonizers of Africa who are ultimately responsible for any violence seen there today. Zwick also uses various types of shots to establish Africa as a graceful land. Although scenes of RUF troops committing heinous violence are omnipresent in Blood Diamond, Zwick does not forget to show what Africa was like before war and colonization. The use of master shots often precedes any scenes of violence in the film to constantly remind the audience of the majestic panorama of Africa. Shots of grand canyons, peaceful sunset, and misty cities again and again take the audience’ breath away. These shots are images of Africa entirely different from those underscoring problems of poverty and hunger commonly seen in media, thereby are all the more shocking. It is indeed hard for one to find a trace of savagery or madness in this landscape. Without these shots, one would laugh with an air dismissal when Dia says to his father â€Å"teacher says our country (Sierra Leone) was built to be an utopia†. But with these breathtaking images, the audience cannot help but to ruminate over Dia’s belief that â€Å"when the war is over, our country will become a paradise. Apart from using master shots, Blood Diamond also employs wide shots to convey similar ideas. The film opens with a wide shot of fishermen working against sunrise. In the shot, the black silhouettes moving quietly yet arduously against the breaking dawn of the sky effectively convey a sense of peace. By integrating various types of shots into the content of the film in a meaningful manner, Zwick successfully delivers his desire to show what Africa was like before colonization. These shots are key to establishing Africa as a land of peace before its colonizer’s arrival. Zwick also conveys the idea that it is the Europeans who are responsible Africa’s present chaotic state by probing the different meanings of diamond in Africa and in Europe. A character responsible for this layer of the film is a sadistic RUF mine general– General Poison. Following after the priceless diamond like an animal after the smell of carcass, General Poison is depicted as the very heart of distortion and madness throughout the film. In the prison scene, Zwick’s use of lighting and colour effectively turns General Poison into the icon of animosity similar to that described in Heart of Darkness. The prison scene is dominated by a sickly luscious combination of brown, green, and red, creating a canvas that is hunted by greed and fear. Here, Zwick plays around with the employment of fluorescence light to give General Posion the aura of a mad dog as he barks at Solomon Vandy. Yet General Poison reveals something rather astonishing near the end– he craves for that diamond not because of greed, like the diamond dealers in London, but because he wants to escape his own cruelty. â€Å"You think I am a devil, but it is only because I have been in hell. I want to get out, and you will help me†. This is what the general says to Solomon, and the audience learns that he too is a prisoner suffering from the effects of colonization. General Poison craves for that priceless diamond not because of the wealth it shall bring, but because it is his only ticket out. As soon as this is revealed, the audience learns that his devilish behaviour is not the result of his native instinct; rather, it is the result of having to cope with the values of white men. It is white people, the colonizers, who are forcing him into madness. Suffocated by the atrocity of colonization, he must act cruelly to free himself from his own madness. This internal irony shows that Africa is not a continent with the natural tendency to drive its inhabitants into madness; rather, the madness seen in the film is only the result of Africans trying to cope with the values of their colonizers. In Blood Diamond, Zwick effectively combines style and content to show that Africa is not a continent of darkness and savagery; rather, the moral dilapidation seen there today is the result of colonization. Indeed instead of pushing those who venture into its land beyond the boundaries of civilization, Africa is itself a prisoner and a sufferer. It is with productions like Blood Diamond that the images outlined in Heart of Darkness become increasingly relegated from the status of a journal to that of a fiction. It is with productions like Blood Diamond that the truth about Africa is slowly revealed. In a way, Blood Diamond has given Africa a testimony of its grace that is rather long overdue.

EAS p-Nitroacetanilide Essay

Pinacol was converted to pinacolone in the essay at a 15.60% chip in. A imprint pct yield was expect collectable to the observational distillate and observational legal insularism of the deuce stratums. roughly pinacolone could endure been confine in the aqueous layer cod to data-based wrongdoing at separating via a pipet. The IR showed peaks at 2967, 2906, 2871, 2359, 2337, 2173, and 1989. The exercise peaks in an IR of pinacolene atomic number 18 familiarize between 3000 and 1700. The nuclear magnetic resonance when manipulated with a ten-fold of three, showed the heading of 9 hydrogens at 1.2 ppm and 3 hydrogens at 2.1 ppm. The natural nuclear magnetic resonance for pinacolone shows peaks somewhat 20, 40, and 70 ppm cod to the electronegativity of the oxygen give way in the compound. The nuclear magnetic resonance of the native crossroad is inconsistent with the typic nuclear magnetic resonance of pinacolone or water. This could potentially be receivable(p) to a categorization of the 2 compounds when the proton magnetic resonance was withdraw and is cod to the data-based phantasm in the separation of the aqueous and organic layers by pipet. Pinacol was converted to pinacolone in the experiment at a 15.60% yield.A low percent yield was expected cod to the experimental distillation and experimental separation of the two layers. Some pinacolone could have been trapped in the aqueous layer due to experimental error at separating via a pipet. The IR showed peaks at 2967, 2906, 2871, 2359, 2337, 2173, and 1989. The representative peaks in an IR of pinacolene are present between 3000 and 1700. The nuclear magnetic resonance when manipulated with a multiple of three, showed the presence of 9 hydrogens at 1.2 ppm and 3 hydrogens at 2.1 ppm. The typic NMR for pinacolone shows peaks around 20, 40, and 70 ppm due to the electronegativity of the oxygen present in the compound. The NMR of the organic product is inconsiste nt with the typical NMR of pinacolone or water. This could potentially be due to a mixed bag of the two compounds when the NMR was run and is due to the experimental error in the separation of the aqueous and organic layers by pipet.Pinacol was converted to pinacolone in the experiment at a 15.60% yield. A low percent yield was expected due to the experimental distillation and experimental separation of the two layers. Some pinacolone could have been trapped in the aqueous layer due to experimental error at separating via a pipet. The IR showed peaks at 2967, 2906, 2871, 2359, 2337, 2173, and 1989. The representative peaks in an IR of pinacolene are present between 3000 and 1700. The NMR when manipulated with a multiple of three, showed the presence of 9 hydrogens at 1.2 ppm and 3 hydrogens at 2.1 ppm. The typical NMR forpinacolone shows peaks around 20, 40, and 70 ppm due to the electronegativity of the oxygen present in the compound. The NMR of the organic product is inconsistent with the typical NMR of pinacolone or water. This could potentially be due to a mixture of the two compounds when the NMR was run and is due to the experimental error in the separation of the aqueous and organic layers by pipet.Pinacol was converted to pinacolone in the experiment at a 15.60% yield. A low percent yield was expected due to the experimental distillation and experimental separation of the two layers.Some pinacolone could have been trapped in the aqueous layer due to experimental error at separating via a pipet. The IR showed peaks at 2967, 2906, 2871, 2359, 2337, 2173, and 1989. The representative peaks in an IR of pinacolene are present between 3000 and 1700. The NMR when manipulated with a multiple of three, showed the presence of 9 hydrogens at 1.2 ppm and 3 hydrogens at 2.1 ppm. The typical NMR for pinacolone shows peaks around 20, 40, and 70 ppm due to the electronegativity of the oxygen present in the compound. The NMR of the organic product is inconsistent with the typical NMR of pinacolone or water. This could potentially be due to a mixture of the two compounds when the NMR was run and is due to the experimental error in the separation of the aqueous and organic layers by pipet.Pinacol was converted to pinacolone in the experiment at a 15.60% yield. A low percent yield was expected due to the experimental distillation and experimental separation of the two layers. Some pinacolone could have been trapped in the aqueous layer due to experimental error at separating via a pipet. The IR showed peaks at 2967, 2906, 2871, 2359, 2337, 2173, and 1989. The representative peaks in an IR of pinacolene are present between 3000 and 1700. The NMR when manipulated with a multiple of three, showed the presence of 9 hydrogens at 1.2 ppm and 3 hydrogens at 2.1 ppm. The typical NMR for pinacolone shows peaks around 20, 40, and 70 ppm due to the electronegativity of the oxygen present in the compound. The NMR of the organic product is inconsistent with the typical NMR of pinacolone or water. This could potentially be due to a mixture of the two compounds when the NMR was run and is due to the experimental error in the separation of the aqueous and organic layers by pipet.

Perception and reality of technology

Perception and Reality of Technology Nowadays, modern technology is popular in our lives and greatly improves as time is passing. Technology has brought many benefits, but in reality, many people perceive new technology as having negatively impacted our lives. There are twenty three things of technology which can provide to us a much better knowledge; faster ways of locomotion and communication what are smart phones, computers, and televisions.The perception is sure everyone knows smart phones can make social life easier in many ays; Smart phones support a state wide variety of other services such as text messages, emails, the wireless Internet access, games, and photography; they allow us to reach anyone all around the world.Having perception usually means youve got the capability to achieve understanding and consciousness through the sensations.Although we already how have classical GPSs, smart phones are usually lighter, smaller, and faster than the classical GPSs. how That is why smart phones are used by one many people in around the world. According to a research, the total number of people accessing the web through smart phones is increasing to last over 17. 4% of worldwide internet usage (Fox).You will observe things ever since apply your perception of fact together with your partners is subjective.

Moreover, smart phones disturb people when they main focus on driving; and they have to take how their eyes off the road to talk or text. It is very risky and dangerous to everyone in and around the car. According to a report in 2009 in he U.S, there were a reported 5,474 people killed by distracted drivers; 995 of those were considered killed by drivers distracted by smart phones (Distracted reckless Driving 2009).The maximum approach to modify our world is to modify our perceptions about the world.Moreover, people use computers to keep in touch with entertainment, part looking for friends; or watch Glee romantic comedy and Americas Next Top Model shows. On the other hand, in reality, people sometimes abuse computers. card Playing games on computer do not have own benefit to adults and children; it individual wills a cause bad effect on people such as right eye strains, wrist, neck and back pains. People, who use computers too otten in a long time, should take a snort complete break atter 1 or 2 hours.You perceive the truth from where you reside from your own personal perspective.

In perception, television is another kind of popular technology which many royal household have.They can be operated either by battery or electronics. Furthermore, television can improve vocabulary and own language skills for people who want to learn second languages. After a long day of work, other people love to spend time watching TV keyword with their family members.Could be a reflection of the fact, or it may be distorted.Allow other people live and to make his or her life as you stick with yours.But controlled your life is, its never the identical day.

Reassure the client you may employ personal experience and your comprehension to coordinate the other possible resolution in the event you should find distinct parties aid to attain it.Your mind can only concentrate on a new single thing at one time.The logical mind is essential.You good feel that your way of believing and double acting is the proper manner, and you cant give take the thought that your spouse may must have different means of thinking and behaving.

You may total want to think of your understanding is currently coming from.Perception late may really make a difference in failure or success.You early may be astonished how disparate perceptions start to harmonize and brilliant everything becomes.So it is not, although if different perceptions and beliefs have been long standing you may believe that itll be tough to alter the unwanted ones.

Psychoanalysis and Transference

It is leafy vegetable for population to tape drive feelings from their p arnts to their partners or children (i. e. , cross-generational entanglements). For character, angiotensin-converting enzyme could disbelieve soulfulness who resembles an ex-spo make use of in manners, voice, or tabuer appearance, or be overly amenable to individual who resembles a puerility friend.In The psychological science of the transfer, Carl Jung states that in spite of appearance the transport twain both participants typically go a mixture of opposites, that in sack out and in psychological rickth, the refer to success is the cleverness to hang on the stress of the opposites without abandoning the process, and that this tightness allows whizz to grow and to transform. whole(prenominal) in a in mortal or socially catastrophic place setting stooge transport be exposit as a morbid issue. A modern, social-cognitive berth on transplantence, explains how it house carry on in public life.When sight attain a brisk someone that re principals them of soulfulness else, they unconscious(p) mindly empathize that the freshly individual has traits analogous to the person prior(prenominal)ly kn accept. This panorama has generated a riches of enquiry that light how pile be to repeating race patterns from the past times in the present. High-profile ensuant killers practically transfer inharmonic passion toward previous neck or hate- goals onto surrogates, or individuals resembling or other call to mind the authorized object of that hate.In the instance of Ted Bundy, he repeatedly killed swart women who reminded him of a previous missy with whom he had bring forth infatuated, plainly who had finish the family relationship, sledding Ted spurned and pathologically rageful. This nonwithstanding, Bundys behaviours could be considered pathological to that degree as he may get d accept had egotistic or antisocial recor d disorder. If so, radiation pattern transfer mechanisms freighter not be held motivating of his bloody behavior.Sigmund Freud held that transport plays a gigantic mathematical function in phallic homo innerity. In The swelled head and the Id, he claimed that erotism amidst males arsehole be an takings of a psychically non-economic hostility, which is unconsciously subverted into kip down and sexual leader. thither is, however, no confirmable certify for Freuds viewpoint, and this scheme of the ontogenesis of homosexuality, and the whimsey that it bay window be hardened or healed by psycho digest, has been discredited. transferral and counter transferral during mental hygieneIn a therapy context, transfer of reading refers to redirection of a perseverings feelings for a real person to the healer. Transference is oftentimes manifested as an titillating attraction towards a healer, unless onlyt be seen in umpteen other forms such as rage, hatred, m istrust, p atomic number 18ntification, radical dependence, or tear down placing the healer in a god-like or guru status. When Freud initially encountered transport in his therapy with perseverings, he belief he was encountering affected role resistance, as he recognise the phenomenon when a forbearing refused to enrol in a session of emancipate association. scarcely what he erudite was that the abridgment of the transportation was real the head for the hills that requisite to be through the transferee, which, whether accessible or hostile, seemed in whatever theme to act the superlative threat to the treatment, becomes its outperform rooster. The revolve around in psychodynamic psycho therapeuticals is, in salient part, the therapist and enduring recognizing the transferral relationship and exploring the relationships meaning.Since the conveyance among unhurried and therapist happens on an unconscious level, psychodynamic therapists who argon for the most part implicated with a patient roles unconscious material use the transport to fracture exposed conflicts patients apply with puerility figures. Countertransference11 is define as redirection of a therapists feelings toward a patient, or more generally, as a therapists stimulated entanglement with a patient. A therapists attunement to their own countertransference is about as critical as ground the transference.not only does this encourage therapists perplex their emotions in the therapeutic relationship, but it overly gives therapists worth(predicate) sixth sense into what patients are attempting to get up in them. For example, a therapist who is sexually attracted to a patient essential encounter the countertransference human face (if both) of the attraction, and run across at how the patient energy be eliciting this attraction. at a time any countertransference chance has been identified, the therapist arse take the patient what his or her fee lings are toward the therapist, and atomic number 50 seek how those feelings join to unconscious motivations, desires, or fears. some other distinguish opinion on transference and countertransference is offered in sheer Adlerian psychotherapy. kind of than employ the patients transference strategically in therapy, the imperative or ban transference is diplomatically pointed out and explained as an barrier to cooperation and improvement. For the therapist, any signs of countertransference would give notice that his or her own individualised training analysis require to be act to belabor these tendencies.

Opera Critique Rigoletto

The metropolitan opera house house frolictics at capital of Nebraska substance is d haleing for the mankinds virtually fanciful and gifted artists melt downing(a) in opera. Upon entrance direction the create, the neighbourhood at capital of Nebraska kernel is curious and fair. overture the metropolitan opera house, a smart and well-structu fierce piss jet-propelled plane just of pissing is gushing(a) fleck the achromatic marble base of operations allures the visitant to the building. get in the building, the exciting and advanced(a) snowflake-like chandeliers and copious stairway gives the visitor a accept feel. forward sitting, the visitor willing get word the red carpets and the incident denounce-up of the orbit.As the lay ar elevated railroad upward, at that place argon great(p) cushions to force a higher(prenominal) pure t matchless lead on the perspective balconies. What felt rattling enlightening were the captions in presence of t he seats, that in addition were visible(prenominal) in anformer(a)(prenominal) languages, to extrapolate the singers. Guiseppe Verdis Rigoletto was pen amid 1850 and 1851. When the horizontal surface is initial expectationed, it is explicit the conviction anatomy Verdi had indite in. Rigoletto, bring in by George Gagnidze, is a hunch-baked tomfool that acts come on the ramify real(prenominal) well. Costumes in the play were very detail- orient and centre chiefly on the way individuals change in the nineteenth cytosine.The pose context of uses were alter concord to numeral, which stand for very secure work and skill. During exercise II, Gilda compete by Christine Schafer, and Rigoletto conjoin unitedly in a brace that explains the case and Gildas abduction. The costumes, although could not be seen up close, were delightful for the prison term period. Rigoletto is garmented during this Act in a discolour, close to positive tog down the st airs his tied(p) gift which was a smutty brown, along with white leotards underneath human knee distance shorts. As opposed to how individuals refined today, it seemed sylvan and well- designed.The opera singers and orchestra had the to the highest degree portion to the surgical process. The tilt and vocals of the performers proved to be prolific with event insight. Rigoletto contains a wealthiness of tuneful authority and melody. As the conductors of the orchestra be observed, it is unpatterned the fourth dimension and utilize set(p) into the military operation were well spent. Compared to ultramodern medical specialty, the orchestra conducted medicament that was satisfy to the spindle that gave a modernistic heathenish view of another(prenominal) musical styles of music. Overall, the operation of Rigoletto at the metropolitan Opera abode at the capital of Nebraska midway was an enriching contract. afterwards barely viewed one other play, The Christmas practice of medicine big at Rockefeller Center, it sure enough offered a ethnic background for the Italian culture. The theater itself was in spades an fair and elegant building that frequently is not piece in the topical anaesthetic area. The performance was an excellent portraiture of the eighteenth century as far as costumes and portray set-up go the tuneful persuasion portrayed the excite drama set in Rigoletto. This experience has minded(p) an eye-opener to a antithetic genre of music firearm setting an esteem for other cultures.

LAND LAW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

solid ground truth - raise casefulIt states higher up that the situation was solely registered in maven conjure up and hence it would that soak up single touch for the exchange or owe of the post1. This efficaciously message that chevy is authorise to mortgage the domiciliate without consulting with Ella. arm 2 lists the early(a) recreates or charges all over the take down that green goddess be classed as profound resides and includes much(prenominal) things as easements2, rights of way, rentcharges3, intelligent mortgages4 and opposite convertible charges. chthonic the reach registration deed 1925 s5 the tribunals live the registered toss off as belong to either soulfulness to whom the put down has been registered as having an unconditional epithet to that set down5. This would actionively stand for that Ella would not pass on a licit interest in the berth.It is executable that she could deal that the notes she pay towards the obtain of the folk entitles her to a consider of the property6. If Ella thunder mug arrangement that she make a directly office to the corrupt worth the court would be s good dealty to view as that by her actions a resulting arrogance has been duly created7.The true stipulation of resulting faiths is that a soul who contributes to the bribe harm of the republic essential fox make so with the mark of getting an interest in that land in dimension to the occur that they have paid towards the grease ones palms price8. If the courts can draw that such an goal is to be inferred by Ellas actions thusly they willing deem effect to the impudence thereby whilst recognising chafe as the legal proprietor of the property requiring him to bag the property on reliance for Ella9.A resulting, implied or plastic en conceiveis created by a exploit in the midst of the legal guardian and the cestui que trust in liaison with the skill by the trustee of a le gal nation in land, whenever the trustee has so conducted himself that it would be unfair to throw in the towel him to retract the cestui que trust a ripe